Microelectronic Circuits By Sedra, Smith 5th Edition and Solution manual

Microelectronic Circuits 

By Sedra, Smith 5th Edition

This   textbook continues its standard of excellence and innovation built on the solid pedagogical foundation that instructors expect from Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith. All material in the fifth edition of Microelectronic Circuits is thoroughly updated to reflect changes in technology-CMOS technology in particular. These technological changes have shaped the book’s organization and topical coverage, making it the most current resource available for teaching tomorrow’s engineers how to analyze and design electronic circuits.

Features:

* Streamlined organization. Short, modular chapters can be rearranged to suit any class organization. Topics that can be skipped on a first reading, while the student is grasping the basics, or that look ahead to advanced industrial applications, are clearly marked.
* Digital Integrated Circuits covered in a new, separate section, to make it easier to teach Computer Engineering students.
* Parallel Treatment of MOSFETs and BJTs. 90% of the market works with MOSFETs, so this vital topic is placed first in the textbook. The chapters on BJTs and MOSFETs are exactly parallel, so instructors can teach whichever one first that they prefer, and speed through the second topic by concentrating only on the differences between the two transistors.
* Frequency response in a separate chapter. Frequency response is now condensed into a single chapter, rather than being integrated within other topics.

About Author:

Adel S. Sedra is Dean of the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Waterloo and former Provost of the University of Toronto. Kenneth C. Smith (KC) is Professor Emeritus in Electrical and Computer Engineering, Computer Science, Mechanical Engineering, and Information Studies at the University of Toronto.

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LINUX MINT 13 -AWESOME TIPS And TRICKS COLLECTION

LINUX MINT 13 -AWESOME TIPS And TRICKS COLLECTION

The below tips and tricks for the linux mint are collected from the web sources and compiled to one place .I am not the actual author of these tips and tricks .I would like to thank sites like Linuxandlife and Techsupportalert for these work

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VIM-The Editor -Cheat cheet download with list of all commands

VIM Editor 

Graphical cheat sheet and all other commands sheet

                                                                            What Is Vim?

Vim is a highly configurable text editor built to enable efficient text editing. It is an improved version of the vi editor distributed with most UNIX systems.

Vim is often called a "programmer's editor," and so useful for programming that many consider it an entire IDE. It's not just for programmers, though. Vim is perfect for all kinds of text editing, from composing email to editing configuration files.

Despite what the above comic suggests, Vim can be configured to work in a very simple (Notepad-like) way, called evim or Easy Vim.

What Vim Is Not?

Vim isn't an editor designed to hold its users' hands. It is a tool, the use of which must be learned.

Vim isn't a word processor. Although it can display text with various forms of highlighting and formatting, it isn't there to provide WYSIWYG editing of typeset documents. (It is great for editing TeX, though.)

Vim's License

Vim is charityware. Its license is GPL-compatible, so it's distributed freely.

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C-programming concepts(continued..)

    C-programming concepts(continued..)

         1.9 VARIABLES

---

           It is a data name used for storing a data value. Its value may be changed during the program

              execution. The value of variables keeps on changing during the execution of a program.

1.12 INPUT AND OUTPUT

Reading data from input devices and displaying the results on the screen are the two main
tasks of any program.
Formatted Functions
— The formatted input/output functions read and write all types of values
Input                                                                     Output
Scanf()                                                                  printf()

Unformatted Functions

— The unformatted input/output functions only work with the charcter data type

Input                                                                     Output

getch()                                                                  putch()

getche()                                                               putchar()

getchar()                                                                put()

gets()

1.13 DECISION STATEMENTS

It checks the given condition and then executes its sub-block. The decision statement decides

the statement to be executed after the success or failure of a given condition.

Types:

1. If statement

2. If-else statement

3. Nested if-else statement

4. Break statement

5. Continue statement

6. Goto statement

7. Switch() statement

8. Nested switch ()case

9. Switch() case and Nested if

1.14 LOOP CONTROL STATEMENTS

Loop is a block of statements which are repeatedly executed for certain number of times.
Types
1. For loop
2. Nested for loops
3. While loop
4. do while loop
5. do-while statement with while loop

1.15 ARRAYS

It is a collection of similar data types in which each element is located in separate memory

locations.

Types

1. One dimensional array

2. Two dimensional arrays

3. Three or multi dimensional arrays

Operations

1. Insertion

2. Deletion

3. Searching

4. Sorting

5. Merging

1.17 FUNCTIONS

It is a self-contained block or a sub program of one or more statements that performs a

special task.

Declaration of functions

Function_name (argument/parameter)

Argument declaration;

{

Local variable declaration;

Statement1;

Statement 2;

Return (value);

}

Call by value

In this type, value of actual arguments is passed to the formal arguments and the operation is

done on the formal arguments. Any change made in the formal argument does not effect the actual

arguments because formal arguments are photo copies of actual arguments.

Call by reference

In this type, instead of passing values, addresses are passed. Function operates on address

rather than values. Here the formal arguments are pointers to the actual argument.

1.18 RECURSION

A function is called repetitively by itself.

A Quick Look to C-programming Concepts

1.0 OVERVIEW OF C PROGRAMMING

• C language is one of the most popular computer languages today because it is a structured,high level, machine independent language. 
•  C is called a high level,compiler language. The aim of any high level computer language is to provide an easy and natural way of giving a programme of instructions to a computer.
• C is one of a large number of high level languages which can be used for general purpose programming, i.e., anything from writing small programs for personal amusement to writing complex applications.
• C allows meaningful variable names and meaningful function names to be used in programs without any loss of efficiency and it gives a complete freedom of style, it has a set of very flexible loop constructions and neat ways of making decisions. 
• Another feature of C is the way it can express ideas concisely.
•  The richness of a language shapes what it can talk about. C gives us the apparatus to build neat and compact programs.
• C tries to make the best of a computer by linking as closely as possible to the local environment.
• The C compiler combines the capabilities of an assembly language with the features of a high-level language and therefore it is well suited for writing both system software and business packages.
• Programs written in C are efficient and fast. 
• This is due to its variety of data types and powerful operators. 
• C is highly portable. This means that C programs written for one computer can be run on another with little or no modification. Another feature of C is its ability to extend itself.

1.1 INTRODUCTION

C is a remarkable language. Designed originally by Dennis Ritchie, working at AT&T Bell

Laboratories in New Jersey, it has increased in use until now it may well be one of the most widely-

written computer languages in the world. C is a structured language. It allows variety of programs

in small modules. It is easy for debugging, testing, and maintenance if a language is a structured

one.

1.2 STRUCTURE OF A C PROGRAM

Include header file section

Global declaration section

main()

{

Declaration part

Executable part

}

User-defined functions

{

Statements

}

Include Header File Section           

C program depends upon some header files for function definition that are used in program.

Each header file by default is extended with .h. The header file should be included using # include

directive as given here.

Global Declaration

This section declares some variables that are used in more than one function. These variables

are known as global variables. This section must be declared outside of all the functions.

Function Main

Every program written in C language must contain main () function. The function main() is

a starting point of every C program. The execution of the program always begins with the function

main ().

Declaration Part

The declaration part declares the entire variables that are used in executable part. The

initialisations of variables are also done in this section. Initialisation means providing initial value

to the variables.

Executable Part

This part contains the statements following the declaration of the variables. This part conatins

a set of statements or a single statement. These statements are enclosed between the braces.

User Defined Function

The functions defined by the user are called user-defined functions. These functions are

generally defined after the main () function.

1.3 STEPS FOR EXECUTING THE PROGRAM

1. Creation of program 

  Programs should be written in C editor. The file name does not necessarily include extension

C. The default extension is C.

2. Compilation of a program

The source program statements should be translated into object programs which is suitable

for execution by the computer. The translation is done after correcting each statement. If

there is no error, compilation proceeds and translated program are stored in another file

with the same file name with extension “.obj”.

3. Execution of the program

After the compilation the executable object code will be loaded in the computers main

memory and the program is executed.

1.7 IDENTIFIERS

Identifiers are names of variables, functions, and arrays. They are user-defined names,
consisting sequence of letters and digits, with the letter as the first character.

1.8 CONSTANTS

Values do not change during the execution of the program
Types:

1. Numerical constants:

— Integer constants
These are the sequence of numbers from 0 to 9 without decimal points or fractional
part or any other symbols. It requires minimum two bytes and maximum four bytes.
Eg: 10,20, + 30, – 14
— Real constants
It is also known as floating point constants.
Eg: 2.5, 5.342

2. Character constants:

— Single character constants
A character constant is a single character. Characters are also represented with a
single digit or a single special symbol or white space enclosed within a pair of single
quote marks
Eg: ‘a’, ‘8’, “ ”.
— String constants
String constants are sequence of characters enclosed within double quote marks.
Eg: “Hello”, “india”, “444”

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How to start a C++ project in Linux/emacs environment?

How to start a C++ project in Linux/emacs environment?

1)  If it is the first time that you have logged in to your CS account, you can add a button to your task bar (bar on the bottom of the desktop) that will open up a new terminal when you left click it. To do this, right click on the task bar and select "Add to Panel->Launcher from menu->System Tools->Terminal".
     OR, you can also open a terminal by pressing alt-F2 to open the "Run Command" dialog box.  Type the word "konsole" in the command line, and click "run" to start the terminal.

2)  If you were able to find the path "Add to Panel->Launcher from menu->System Tools->Terminal" on your computer, the Terminal button should appear on your task bar from now on, every time you log in to your account (otherwise you will have to use the alt-F2 method from above).  If you added the button to your task bar, open a terminal by left clicking the button you added, if you used alt-F2, then the konsole should already be open as pictured below.  





3)  You will manage your files and directories from a Terminal (also called a Shell) command line.  The command line has the form "username@host $ ".  Each time you start a new project, you should create a new directory to put your files in.  To do this, type "mkdir folder_name" on the command line.  For example, to create a directory called tutorial, you would type "mkdir tutorial" and press enter, go ahead and do this.





4)  To look at the contents of the current directory, use the command "ls".  To see what directory you are currently in (the present working directory), use the command "pwd".  In the screenshot below, the directory contains a file called add_terminal.png, a file called open_konsole.png, and several directories (note that the contents of your home directory will be different than mine).  Notice that the name of one of the directories is tutorial.  This directory was created when the command mkdir was used in step 3 above.  The directory that I am currently working in is "/home/csgrads/mfast".





5)  Now you will need to descend into the directory that you created.  To do this you will use the change directory command "cd".  On the command line type "cd tutorial".  If you type "pwd" you will see that you're now in the directory "/home/csmajs/username/tutorial".





5)  If you want to move up (ascend) out of a directory you are currently in, you can use the command "cd ..".  Type "cd ..", and then "pwd" to confirm that you have changed back to the "/home/csmajs/username" directory.  Once you have confirmed your new directory with pwd, cd back into tutorial (/home/csmajs/username/tutorial).  Now let's create a file that we can write a program in, and call that file "main.cpp" (.cpp means C++ file).  We will use an editor called emacs, type "emacs main.cpp &" and press enter.





6)  It is very important that you include the "&" symbol after "emacs main.cpp", if you don't do this, you won't be able to use the Terminal at the same time that you are using emacs.  Now let's write a simple hello world program.  In the emacs editor, type the following program:

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main(){
    cout << "hello world!\n";
    return 0;
}

Once you have finished writing this program, click the picture of the disk (or click File->Save (current buffer)) to save your work.





7)  Now it's time to compile our program!  To do that, click just once anywhere on the Terminal to make it the active window, and type the command "g++ main.cpp"
 on the command line.  If you wrote the program correctly you won't get any error messages, and a new file will be created called "a.out".  You can type "ls" to confirm that the a.out file was created.





8)  Now it's time to run our program, which will be awesome.  All you have to do is type "a.out".  After typing a.out, you should see the message "hello world!" printed to the command line.





9)  Bingo Bango, you're a programmer!  Try changing the message in your program to something else (maybe "I rock at programming!\n").  Save your new program, and again type "g++ main.cpp" on the command line.  Type "a.out" and see if your new message prints to the command line.



10)  Alright!  Now lets make our home directory a little more organized.  We want to create a directory just for this class, and inside of that directory, we want subdirectorys for each programming assignment that we do.  So lets ascend up one level to to our home directory by typing "cd ..".  Now make a directory called cs10, just type "mkdir cs10".  After these two steps, type "ls" to verify that you created the directory.  You should see both the tutorial directory, and now you should also see a cs10 directory.



11)  Now descend into the cs10 directory, and make another directory called "lab_1" from inside cs10.  Now descend into the lab_1 directory.  If you type pwd, you will see that you are now in the directory "/home/csmajs/username/cs10/lab_1".  If the path you have is different, ask for help from your TA (it's OK if the only difference you have is that it says something other than "csmajs" i.e. /home/blah/username/cs10/lab_1).



12)  We want to write another program, so lets close the emacs window that we were using to write our first program.  Just click the "X" shaped button in the top right corner of the emacs window (be careful you don't close this tutorial by clicking the X in the browser window!).  Now from inside the lab_1 directory, go though the same steps above to write and compile a program.  The program you will write this time will be just like the one above, but this time put your own creative message to print to the terminal.  The main idea for this step, is that now we are saving our program in a different location in the memory hierarchy.  Once you have finished your new program, refer to the directions in the lab 1 description, part 3, to turn in your code using electronic turn-in.


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Linux--Ubuntu reference terminal commands and Cheat sheet

Linux--Ubuntu reference terminal commands 

and Cheat sheets

Enter these commands in TERMINAL==>

To open TERMINAL:
Press Ctrl+Alt+T simultaneously.

ALSO PREFIX ALL THE BELOW COMMANDS WITH::sudo

Priviledges Commands:

1. sudo command – run command as root
2. sudo -s – open a root shell
3. sudo -s -u user – open a shell as user
4. sudo -k – forget sudo passwords
5. gksudo command – visual sudo dialog (GNOME)
6. kdesudo command – visual sudo dialog (KDE)
7. sudo visudo – edit /etc/sudoers
8. gksudo nautilus – root file manager (GNOME)
9. kdesudo konqueror – root file manager (KDE)
10. passwd – change your password

System Services:

1. start service – start job service (Upstart)
2. stop service – stop job service (Upstart)
3. status service – check if service is running (Upstart)
4. /etc/init.d/service start – start service (SysV)
5. /etc/init.d/service stop – stop service (SysV)
6. /etc/init.d/service status – check service (SysV)
7. /etc/init.d/service restart – restart service (SysV)
8. runlevel – get current runlevel 
9. Recovery - Type the phrase “REISUB” while  holding down Alt and SysRq (PrintScrn) with about 1 second between each letter. Your system will reboot.
10. lsb_release -a – get Ubuntu version
11. uname -r – get kernel version
12. uname -a – get all kernel information

Package Management:

1. apt-get update – refresh available updates
2. apt-get upgrade – upgrade all packages
3. apt-get dist-upgrade – upgrade with package
4. replacements; upgrade Ubuntu version
5. apt-get install pkg – install pkg
6. apt-get purge pkg – uninstall pkg
7. apt-get autoremove – remove obsolete packages
8. apt-get -f install – try to fix broken packages
9. dpkg --configure -a – try to fix broken packages
10. dpkg -i pkg.deb – install file pkg.deb
11. (file) /etc/apt/sources.list – APT repository list

Special Packages:

1. Ubuntu-desktop – standard Ubuntu environment
2. Ubuntu-desktop – KDE desktop
3. Ubuntu-desktop – XFCE desktop
4. Ubuntu-minimal – core Ubuntu utilities
5. Ubuntu-standard – standard Ubuntu utilities
6. Ubuntu-restricted-extras – non-free, but useful
7. Ubuntu-restricted-extras – KDE of the above
8. Ubuntu-restricted-extras – XFCE of the above
9. build-essential – packages used to compile
10. programs
11. Linux-image-generic – latest generic kernel
12. image
13. Linux-headers-generic – latest build headers

Network Commands:

1. ifconfig – show network information
2. iwconfig – show wireless information
3. sudo iwlist scan – scan for wireless networks
4. sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart – reset network for manual configurations
5. (file) /etc/network/interfaces – manual configuration
6. ifup interface – bring interface online
7. ifdown interface – disable interface

Firewall Commands:

1. ufw enable – turn on the firewall
2. ufw disable – turn off the firewall
3. ufw default allow – allow all connections by default
4. ufw default deny – drop all connections by default
5. ufw status – current status and rules
6. ufw allow port – allow traffic on port
7. ufw deny port – block port
8. ufw deny from ip – block ip adress

Display Commands:

1. sudo /etc/init.d/gdm restart – restart X and return to login (GNOME)
2. sudo /etc/init.d/kdm restart – restart X and return to login (KDE)
3. (file) /etc/X11/xorg.conf – display configuration
4. sudo dexconf – reset xorg.conf configuration
5. Ctrl+Alt+Bksp – restart X display if frozen
6. Ctrl+Alt+FN – switch to tty N
7. Ctrl+Alt+F7 – switch back to X display

Application Commands:

1. nautilus – file manager (GNOME)
2. dolphin – file manager (KDE)
3. konqueror – web browser (KDE)
4. kate – text editor (KDE)
5. gedit – text editor (GNOME)

NOTE:In order to open other application just write the NAME of the Application and hit Enter.

Now get your Linux cheat sheet pdf on these links:

Unix/Linux Command Cheat Sheet by Jacob [pdf]

 Linux Administrator's Quick Reference by Jialong He

 Linux Shortcuts and Commands(html)

Windows 8 Tranformation Pack--The Windows 8 Experience

Windows 8 Tranformation Pack--The Windows 8 Experience

You can download the 32bit and 64 bit versions of the transformation pack HERE::::

Windows 8 is undoubtedly the most discussed Computer OS though it hasn’t yet released by Microsoft Inc. There are tons of news, leaked photos, discussion all over the virtual world about Windows 8. So I can’t make up sometimes which one to believe and which one to not. 

Which are actual truth and which are just rumors. But as I have seen in leaked photos and videos of Windows 8, I can confirm you that you are getting an unbelievable visual experience. So there’s our curiosity, how it will look like, how it make us amazed.

Windows fans have already started dreaming of Windows 8. Specially designers have already started designing the future Windows 8 GUI based on their imagination or prediction whatever you want to call it. So many Windows 8 styles had been produced. 

I have already shared one of name WINDOWS 8.

Now let me tell you about this a new product “Windows 8 Transformation Pack For Windows 7”. The 1st thing I want to say about it, it’s not only a theme, it includes icon sets, Windows 8 boot screen and of course Login screen. It’s an all in one pack. So unlike other themes, you just need to download and simply install the file. Patching, Resource hacking everything else will be automatically done.
This pack includes three different themes. One is “Aero Lite Full Glass”. It will change and give you maximum enjoyment. Windows 8 style menu pack, icon sets, dialog box, close box everything.















PACK INCLUDES:

The 2nd style is “Aero Lite Glass”. This is a liter version.
“Aero Lite Basic” with Windows Classic style, uses the minimum system resources.






The login screen is also surreal blue. With a artistic touch behind it.
Why the lock screen not be mentioned? Look the picture below. Do I need to tell about it? In a word, unbelievable.
In addition, there is a User Control Button on the right-bottom side of taskbar.
I like most of this set. Personally I don’t use any extra visual effect in my PC, I am just done with Windows 7’s default one, after after getting it yesterday, I can’t just remove it. But yet it have something I just can’t make me to ignore, It’s nothing with performance but it’s about an effect I don’t like. First of all, I don’t like the theme behind “Library” menu.


I like most of this set. Personally I don’t use any extra visual effect in my PC, I am just done with Windows 7’s default one, after after getting it yesterday, I can’t just remove it. But yet it have something I just can’t make me to ignore, It’s nothing with performance but it’s about an effect I don’t like. First of all, I don’t like the theme behind “Library” menu.


HERE are the Screenshots:--


































IMPORTANT NOTICE:
Please make a system restore point in case you have any problem after the installation of this pack to revert back the changes.


The pack will install/replace:
Windows 8 boot and login screen
Windows 8 theme
Windows 8 lock screen
New logos for system properties
Windows explorer and other system files
Skin toolbar to change Explorer look
New Start menu button and taskbar
Set of Windows 8 wallpapers

You can download the 32bit and 64 bit versions of the transformation pack HERE::::

WINDOWS 8 TRANSFORMATION PACK-x32(x86) Bit.

WINDOWS 8 TRANSFORMATION PACK-x64 Bit.

SO NOW ITS TIME FOR WINDOWS 8 friends..